The Origins of Chattel Slavery in Colonial North America Essay

The Origins of Chattel Slavery in Colonial North America There have been many illuminating studies in the field of the origins of chattel slavery in Colonial North America. Alpert, 1970; Edmondson, 1976; Jordan, 1962: Ruchames, 1967; Starr, 1973, wrote seminal studies that did much to bring insight to the subject. Goetz, 2009; Mason, 2006; Smaje, 2002; Neeganagwedgin, 2012, presented evidence that have either reexamined old questions or used new methods and approaches to ask news questions to add insight to this topic. However, little has been written about indeginous slavery and its pycho-social impacts that still influence North American people today, or the political considerations that led to black society becoming chattel slaves. These topics have been under scutinized and their study would add insight and new perspective to this body of literature. In looking at the body of discourse the recurring themes of what came first; prejudice or slavery first is the most contested. Logically in order to enslave the master must find a means to establish the enslaved â€Å"otherness† and it seems that a primary means of doing so was and is ethnocentric superiority and religion. It doesn’t seem that one could justify morally, subjugating another without â€Å"knowing† that you were culturally, socially and morally superior to those you wanted to subjugate. In the majority of the studies, the idea that imposing values and religion on the subjugated as beneficial to the subjugated, was a primary theme, yet if there was no financial benefit it is doubtful that the slave system in the United States would have developed or had the impact that it has. Because of this reasoning, I believe that Jordan’s model is probably the closest to accurat... ...Press. Ruchames, L. (1967). The Sources of Racial Thought in Colonial America. Retrieved March 25, 2012, from Retrieved from URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2716188 Smaje, C. (2002). Re-thinking the Origins Debate: Race Formation and Political Formations in England's Chesapeake Colonies. Journal of Historical Sociology, 15(2), 193-219. Starr, R. (1973). Historians and the Origin of British North American Slavery. The Historian, 36(1), 1-18. doi:DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6563.1973.tb01523. Tomsett, F. (2000). 1606 and all that: The Virginia Conquest. Race and Class, 41, 29-14. doi:10.1177/0306396800413003 Wareing, J. (2002). Preventive and punitive regulation in seventeenth-century social policy: conflicts of interest and the failure to make ‘stealing and transporting Children, and other Person’s a felony. Social History, 27(3), 288-308. Doi:10.1080/03071020210159685

Does Internet Enhance or Reduce Social Interaction Essay

Papers like HomeNet publications have been following the effects, positive or negative of Internet on its users. The findings are interesting as it reports both positive and negative results. Initially the effect was negative on those who relied heavily on internet for communication. However that scenario has changed with time. Current studies no longer show the overall negative effects of the past. Using internet to communicate with families and friends as well as being involved in community activities has been on the rise. Negative effects are generally experienced by people with less support economically and introverts and positive effects experienced by people with good social resources and extraverts. Some people who have integrated internet into their ordinary lives have generally benefited, but they now experience new social problems. These problems are highlighted in this discussion in depth and a summary made in a table. Those internet users who find communication important, have good reason to expect that Internet has positive social impact on their lives. For such people communication, including contact with neighbors, friends, and family, and participation in social groups, improves their level of social support. To them interacting with internet gives them fulfilling personal relationships, a sense of meaning in life, and commitment to social norms with their communities. Their psychological and physical well-being (Diener et al. 1999; Cohen and Wills 1985; Mirowsky and Ross 1989;). They think through the use of internet for communication, they could have important positive social effects on individuals (McKenna and Bargh 2000), groups, organizations (Sproull and Kiesler 1991), and communities (Hampton and Wellman 2000), including society at large (Dertouzos 1997; Hilts). Just like the telephone did, they think broad social access could increase people’s social involvement, and facilitate formation of new relationships (Fischer 1992; Wellman 1996). People who are generally isolated could find new social identity and commitment (Katz and Aspden 1997). Isolated members of communities could participate in group organizations at a distance (Sproull and Kiesler 1991). Internet is also handy for political mobilization (Bonchek 1997). Whether Internet has positive or negative social impact depend upon the quality of the people online, their activities and what they give up to spend time online. Stronger social ties generally lead to better social outcomes than do weaker ties (Wellman and Wortley 1990). As we go through the discussion we find that the ease in communication that internet offers has encouraged people so much that they now spend more time alone, talking online with strangers and very little time with their communities. Increasingly people are connecting to each other through the internet, and looked at positively, one would say internet has increased the frequency of communication among its users. There are pertinent issues to look at today regarding our social interaction compared with the past: †¢ Has our social relation one-to-one improved or diminished? †¢ Has it provided more evidence of the difference between our virtual self and real self? †¢ Has our group interaction improved or diminished? Users of internet are socially withdrawn because they are most of the time lonely and hooked onto the net. Research has found that the more people are online, the more they become socially isolated ( James E. Katz). The study further shows that people who are constantly online the more they become isolated from social life and that there is a relationship between depression, stress and strength in social ties created by extensive use of the internet. This on the extreme can weaken the social ties that people normally have. Robert Kraut who is a researcher in the field and professor in the Department of Communication at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, N. J. is the leading author of the study. However the finding has been seriously challenged as inadequate and lacking in rigor. The critiques say there needed to have been a control group used for comparison purposes and that the sample size was too small. On the contrary, computer experts are quoted as saying internet has greatly increased their human interaction. They say that they can now meet more people than ever before. But sociology experts say this is more a manifestation of people in a state of denial than the truth. But the truth is that there are two divergent views about computers and its social effect on people. Hoffman and partner Tom Novak at Vanderbilt University’s Project 2000 have for example have conducted a collaborate research with Georgia Institute of Technology in which they find many web users find the net browsing enriching and satisfying and that they are usually left in a happy state of mind far from being depressed. Philip Aspden, executive director of the Center for Research on the Information Society, surveyed 2,500 Internet users and found no evidence of social withdrawal. The study found that online participants are no less likely to join religious, leisure or any community organized activities than people who aren’t online. Virtual interaction is the norm in internet activities. People using portable computers can work in one office, one project without necessarily being physically in a place. They could be several kilometers away and do everything together that they could do in one environment, one office, and location. They can talk and hold meetings and discussions together. Internet has made the world look like a one local village. The issue is what is the social implication of this arrangement? Is it positive or negative socially? The answer is positive because the physical location can be anywhere most convenient for the individual. It can be your house / study room, supermarket; or inside your car. People work better when they operate from premises of their liking. Negative because supervision, control, co-ordination and monitoring becomes difficult. People find such arrangements new and odd though not necessarily bad socially. With time we shall be used to it and our sense of belonging will change. In this discussion we try to bring into focus the positive and negative social impact of internet. However we seem to agree that internet users have more social problems than usual. They are among other things withdrawn from normal social life and in virtual solitude as is commonly known. It is interesting to hear what some of these people say. Please allow me to quote some experiences from people who use internet. â€Å"Every time I go through the process it seems more and more like a religious ritual. When I reflect that I am connected to thousands or millions of people across the world, I forget that I am seated in a solitary confine of my computer room. I admit it is a strange feeling, one that I really like to the extent that I forget the social pleasure I normally find socializing with people outside there. Sometimes I also get frightened that I am beginning to like my computer mediated communication (CMC) better than talking with most real people with whom I come into daily contact face to face. Though I find it sad to say, I have never enjoyed serious discussions before where people say what is in their heart. Social opportunities and even academic opportunities for such discussions are dwindling. Our culture has become more and more trivial and superficial. † Through CMC people can find intellectual stimulation. It is easily available and comfortable. But the human touch is more natural and more satisfying. We are social animals and we need to meet and chart. Intellectualism has its time just as social life also has its time. The other negative aspect of internet is privatization which was introduced by Marshall McLuhan. This theory states that as entertainment and information becomes readily available to people, they are less likely to seek them outside their homes. As that happens, social interaction is becoming less and less frequent. We can select the people to talk to and use special words and mode of communication. Soon we shall be out of touch with the real world where we have different type of people needing different types of communication. My entertainment, amusement, and even communication have become private rather than public. Family people have very little time for each other because they spend all that time on the net. The young ones are the most affected. During the day, they are out in school and their parents are out for work. When they come home they cannot meet either, because everybody is busy with internet. When will they talk or learn from the parents one would ask? All that they imitate are programs from the internet, some very weird indeed. As parents we might overlook and despise the experience we got through social interaction with our peer groups and communities while we were young. It taught us to be at peace with our environment. In this environment there is richness found in diversity. The diversity found in behavior and culture of its people. We come to be more informed that the world is made of both order and disorder and become equipped to handle both occurrences. That is how we have been molded to be strong and resilient. The world of internet is denying our children that freedom and experience. Children never play together at home and very little in school. Computer mediated communication CMC is a new phenomenon in the computer world. There are other technologies more commonly used such as e-mail and interactive chat on the internet. These modes of communication have both bad and good sides. They have made communication, fast, easy and affordable. The physical location of the people we communicate to is no longer a barrier. We talk to people anytime anywhere by a mere touch of a button. When we play with our peers and join social clubs we meet people and friends and that is healthy for our body and mind. We are able to do some exercise which our body needs to avoid aging. We use our bodies more than our minds. To conclude my analysis on the effects of the internet talking about pornographic ideologies is no new phenomena as it is one of the high condemned vices of the internet as it is being used in all ways. Income generating activities, a source of employment to others but highly exploitative and seriously abusive in all ways, it ranges from child pornography to adult pornography.

The Bible Should Undergird Every Aspect Of Christian Life...

The Bible should undergird every aspect of Christian life. The Bible is where God has chosen to reveal his character, express his desires and to unveil his plan of redemption for humanity. The Bible holds the information that aids to solidify the believer’s faith, relays history, offers wisdom, comforts the hurting and communicates the foundational instructions for living a transformed Christ-like life. Therefore, this thesis will begin its research from a Biblical perspective, to establish a biblically grounded framework to aid in the development of a theology of waiting. Humanity’s experience with waiting is interwoven throughout the whole of Scripture, beginning with Adam and Eve’s expulsion from the Garden. The act of waiting is a part of the humanity’s metanarrative, culminating with the return of Christ. However, God’s love for his creation leads him to implement a plan of redemption that will repair the fractured relationship between himself and humanity. Conversely, the Bible only reveals a redacted version of God’s plan, leaving humanity with partial information about the future, which compels us to wait on further instructions directly from Him. The Bible does provide a complete schematic of the redemptive plan, however, the theme that is consistent throughout the plan is that humanity is called to wait on and trust in God to faithfully work out the minute details of his plan. Table 1. Abbreviated View of the Redemptive Plan Noah and his Family – ChosenShow MoreRelatedEssay on Book Summary of the Bible Among the Myths2904 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction Author John N. Oswalt begins The Bible Among the Myths: Unique Revelation or Just Ancient Literature? with a concise and well-written introduction that whets the reader’s appetite, compelling one to continue reading. He begins by informing the reader that his novel has been in the works dating all of the way back to the 1960s, when he attended the Asbury Theological Seminary. Oswalt quickly points out that one of the main points that the book will focus on is determining if â€Å"theRead MoreEssay on Needs of Diverse Learners Final4267 Words   |  18 PagesChapter 1 1. The maintenance of cultures as parallel and equal to the dominant culture in a society is? Cultural pluralism 2. The concept that different cultural groups can and should maintain their unique cultural identities while participating equally in the dominant culture is Biculturalism 3. Culture influences the importance of prestige, status, pride, family, loyalty, love of country, religious belief, and honor. The manifestation of culture that is reflected in this statementRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPerspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian

Overpopulation is Not Really a Problem Essay - 1272 Words

Throughout history there have been claims that the world was growing too fast. In the 18th century, it was the Rev. Thomas Malthus with his book Essay on the Principle of Population. Rev. Malthus said that the growing European population would quickly outstrip its available resources. History tells us that Rev. Malthus speculation was wrong. Following a path similar to that of Malthus, Paul Ehrlich presented us a book entitled The Population Bomb, in 1969. Ehrlichs book predicted that tens of millions of people would starve to death in the 1970s following an inescapable crash in the worlds food supply. It also forecasted the elimination of all natural resources and said that the world was in danger of returning to a†¦show more content†¦Ehrlich was wrong because he failed to take into account the increase in labor power and the advancements in technology associated with population increase. The correlation between work force and population is obvious-if there are more people, then there will definitely be more people to work. Science and technology, however, will always increase, even without an increase in population. With population increase, though, science and technology will increase at an even greater rate, because there is a greater number of people to engage themselves in the research. The technological improvements seen in the 1970s were able to sufficiently increase the worlds food production, and proved Ehrlich wrong. As opposed to Malthus and Ehrlichs time, todays population is not increasing at a geometrical rate. In fact, the rate at which the world population increases is on the decline (See Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2). The UN predicts that by the year 2050 the rate of population increase will near zero and our total population will be somewhere between 7.3 billion and 10.7 billion people, with the most likely population being 8.9 billion (Lederer). Average Annual Rates of Growth for the United States and for the World: 1950-2000 Figure 1.2 Period World Less-Developed Countries More-Developed Countries United States 1950-1959 1.7 2.0 1.2 1.7Show MoreRelatedOverpopulation : We Must Figure It Out For Save The World Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pages Overpopulation: We Must Figure It Out to Save the World It may not be something you think about often, but human population growth is a big issue in our world today and this problem needs to be solved in the future to save our planet. Overpopulation is a condition that will be in effect if the population exceeds the carrying capacity on Earth. The carrying capacity is the peak population that can sustain human life on Earth. It is uncertain what Earth’s carrying capacity is for the human raceRead MoreThe Effects Of Human Overpopulation On The Environment1242 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Human Overpopulation on the Environment â€Å"Can one apple slice feed the world?† If the world were an apple, farmland would only be one very thin slice. The growing population on this Earth has some serious questions that it needs to consider as a whole. How are we all going to eat with eight billion mouths to eat? Farmers have an interesting proposition, they need to feed a growing population with very little land. Overpopulation also has negative effects on the earth through pollutionRead MoreOverpopulation Is a Growing Problem Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesOverpopulation is a growing problem all over the world. This is a very important environmental issue and needs to be dealt with. 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EveryRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Overpopulation1122 Words   |  5 PagesHuman overpopulation is mostly the most urgent environmental issues, the forces behind global warming , environmental pollution, habitat loss, the sixth mass extinction, intensive farming practices and the consumption of finite natural resources, such as fresh water, land and fossil fuels, at speeds faster than their rate of regeneration. however, ecological issues are just the beginning . Overpopulation is the state where the human population rises to an extent completing the carrying size of theRead MoreUsing Birth Control Medicine And Education951 Words   |  4 Pages(World-O-Meters) Global citizens of the Earth need to find ways to resolve this situation; if people do not try to solve this problem there could be many consequences. From research, this problem could be resolved by using birth control medicine and education people about sexual intercourse, ending vaccines for diseases, and by sending people to live in space. â€Å"Overpopulation occurs when an organism s numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat.† (Global Footprint Network) As humans, peopleRead MoreHuman Overpopulation1505 Words   |  7 PagesThe topic of overpopulation has different perspectives regarding whether or not it is happening as well as its apparent effects of both the environment and its inhabitants. The idea of human overpopulation being a problem most clearly begins around the time of Thomas Robert Malthus’ publishing of An Essay on the Principle of Population as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers. In his writing, Malthus describes

Security Threats Of Network Security - 1412 Words

As the technology is growing the security threats are also increasing at higher rate. So, as to protect an organization from such network security threats severe actions and several steps have to be taken by network security administrators. In any large organization that is having large number of big servers, firewalls and interconnected network of hundreds of computers, security is one of the most important aspects so as to secure its network from intruders. Within the organization, all the computers and devices are interconnected in a LAN network or using a WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network). So, the most important task of network security administrator to secure its internal as well as external network from intruders because there are†¦show more content†¦By sniffing a single wireless network, an intruder can access all the incoming and outgoing traffic over that wireless network resulting in heavy loss of confidential data to an organization. If any intruder able to crac k firewall and he will be able to access wireless network’s internal network and can read all the confidential data and also can inject malicious packets in the network so as to route the packets to some other destinations. There is large number of tools available in the market through which a wireless network[1] can be cracked and sniffed such as: 802.11 wireless network detector named Kismet, which is a wireless LAN detector named NetStumbler which uses 802.11b and WireShark for analyzing a network. In order to secure a wireless network from intruders several measures has to be taken care while implementing wireless network within the organization.Encryption algorithms are used to encrypt data over wireless network so that network cannot be easily read by the attackers. There are several authentication techniques that can be implemented to secure data over wireless networks such as: biometric technique, OTP method and Single Sign on techniques are used. Attackers use several methods to crack wireless passwords like brute forcing, so as to secure passwords strong passwords with special characters and keys has to be used making it difficult to crack.Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) or Wired Equivalent Privacy[4] (WEP) encryption is used by most of the

Ir Study Guide Free Essays

IR364 Study Guide for Mid-term Exam You will answer three questions on the exam worth 10 points each 1) Populism was a prevalent response to the Great Depression in Latin America. Define this term, and discuss the political and economic strategies of either the Vargas government in Brazil or the Cardenas government in Mexico. 2) By the end of World War II income inequality had already become deeply ingrained in Latin America. We will write a custom essay sample on Ir Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now What are the main causes of income inequality in the region, and why has it been so difficult to eradicate highly polarized patterns in the distribution of wealth? ) Was import-substitution-industrialization an unmitigated failure in Latin America? Define this development strategy and offer a balanced critique of it. 4) Compare and contrast the economic impact of the three big shocks that hit Latin America between 1900-1950. 5) What are the main factors of endowment and key features of these factors that are considered to contribute most favorably to economic development? 6) What were the main features of Peronism in post-World War II Argentina? Despite Peron’s downfall in the coup of 1955, the Peronist movement is still alive and well in Argentina. How would you explain the lasting hold of Peronism on the Argentine public? 7) The period 1900-1914 has frequently been referred to as the â€Å"good times† for Latin America because the region was thriving on primary exports to Britain, Europe and the U. S. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a development model based primarily on raw material production for export? You will answer 5 ID questions, for 1 point each: Capital Scarcity Commodity Lottery Economic Populism Enclave Development Exchange Rate Export pessimism Import substitution industrialization Structuralism Eva Peron How to cite Ir Study Guide, Essay examples

Partition Technology by Chromatography

Question: Discuss about the Partition Technology by Chromatography. Answer: Introduction Chromatography consist of the method called Gel filtration, this method helps to separate the molecules according to the molecular size of them. This process is also sometime referred to as molecular sieving, gel permeation chromatography, and gel exclusion chromatography (6). This method mainly depends on the polymer beads that is the gel which have the controlled pore sizes. The molecules are given access through the pores and spaces of the gel matrix depending on their size (2). The molecules which are small have the ability to penetrate completely through the gel matrix, on the other hand the larger molecules are totally excluded from the beads. The molecules which have an intermediate size can move to a certain fraction of the internal volume of the beads just according to their size (4). So a large molecule possess the ability to move through the column in a lesser volume and so moves faster than the small molecules. Therefore the small molecules will move slow through the colu mn and will be collected after large and intermediate sized molecules (8). Aim and objectives To separate the mixture of three compounds including blue Dextran (a polysaccharide of a high molecular weight with a blue dye linked with it covalently), Haemoglobin (lysed horse blood), and bromophenol blue by the use of gel columns and also the determination of the Ve for each of these compounds. Materials The Sephadex gel Polypropylene chromatography column, Separation of the mixtures around 0.3 mL is to be done in an eppendorf microfuge tube. 5 M NaCl, 20 mM Pi, buffer solution is prepared with a pH 7.4. Eluate collecting tubes. For the procedure of determination of the spectral properties the separation of the components of the mixture was done. Methods On a retort stand the setting of the column was done vertically with a clamp. A flexible tubing piece and a clamp that can be adjusted must be positioned on the outlet so that the effluent flow can be restricted. The Sephadex suspension should be mixed gently but thoroughly in the column with few mL of the buffer solution and it should be 50 percent Sephadex by volume. Then the buffer is allowed to run through the column unless and until the level of the buffer becomes more than the columns one third. More gel can be added if necessary. The column should be equilibrated by running one column volume of the buffer through it. The tubes should be prepared for the collection of the effluent of the column should be done immediately the sample is placed on the column. Then buffer should be permitted to drain down to the topmost point of the gel. It should keep in mind that the top of the gel bed can never be allowed to dry up. At first the sample solution should be given a spin briefly to remove any type of aggregates or insoluble substances and then 0.1mL of the sample should be loaded very carefully on the entire surface of the gel without making any disruption to the column. The column elution should be started very carefully by adding small volume of the buffer when the sample is absorbed onto the bed of the column. When the absorption of the sample on the gel bed is complete then extra level of the buffer being further added to the top of the gel and thus can be increased. In this respect it should be noted that the run rate of the column should not be too high to avoid poor form of resolution. The collection of the eluate in small beakers should be started immediately after the sample has been added on the column. Once there is the presence of the noticeable colour in the eluate, the collection of the 1ml fraction of the eluate in the tubes should be started The collection procedure should be continued until all the three components are eluted. The volumes of all the fraction collected should be measured. Water about 2mL should be given extra to all the fraction and the and the determination of the absorbance was done at suitable wavelength for those three chromophores. An absorbance graph was plotted contrary to the volume of elution (Ve) for the three chromophores each. The Sephadex should not be discarded as it is very costly and placed it in a container provided for recycling. Results The total volume (Vt) of the gel column is given by Vt = Vo + Vi + Vg Where Vo is the volume of the liquid that came out of the gel. This is also known as void volume. Vi is the volume of liquid inside the gel particles. Vg is the volume of the insoluble Sephadex matrix. The dispersal procedure of the material among the external and the internal liquid phases of a Sephadex gel is demarcated as its distribution coefficient (Kd), it is the function of its size of molecule. The value of Kd specifies the portion of internal volume available to the molecules of the specific material (5). The volume present inside the beads that is the molecular species can penetrate is therefore KdVi. For larger molecules which are not able to enter inside the Sephadex particles Kd = 0 and for small molecules which have full access to it, Kd = 1. The volume of elution (Ve) for a molecular species is represented as the whole column volume accessible to the molecule and is therefore made up of the volume outside the gel plus the volume of gel inner space the molecule can penetrate. Ve = Vo + KdVi The Ve of a molecule is represented experimentally as the volume taken by the molecule to come through the column that is the volume of effluent of the column that is collected between applying the sample to the top of the column to the mid-point of the peak of the molecule as it comes off the other end (9). Table1. The Absorbance of the Running volume at different wave length Fraction Running volume (mL) Absorbance Wavelength 630 nm Wavelength 415 nm Wavelength 590 nm 1 52 0 0 0 2 54 0.032 0.06 0.233 3 56 0.721 0.018 0.554 4 58 0.112 0.163 0.124 5 60 0.135 0.239 0.145 6 62 0.115 0.163 0.129 7 64 0.114 0.162 0.126 8 66 0.044 0.042 0.359 9 68 0.033 0.046 0.37 10 70 0.042 0.047 0.376 11 72 0.031 0.045 0.364 12 74 0.03 0.044 0.349 13 76 0.029 0.045 0.329 14 78 0.039 0.045 0.315 15 80 0.035 0.045 0.299 16 82 0.031 0.047 0.273 17 84 0.031 0.044 0.233 18 86 0.025 0.041 0.2 19 88 0.021 0.048 0.163 20 90 0.02 0.043 0.134 21 92 0.017 0.04 0.109 22 94 0.018 0.045 0.087 23 96 0.016 0.041 0.09 24 98 0.011 0.044 0.056 25 100 0.009 0.046 0.043 26 102 0.013 0.044 0.035 27 104 0.008 0.041 0.027 28 106 0.005 0.043 0.021 29 108 0.01 0.042 0.016 30 110 0.007 0.046 0.018 Graph1. Showing the graphical representation of the absorbance of the friction volume at different wavelength The definition of void volume is the volume of the liquid or buffer outside the gel and it is represented by Vo. Considering that Blue Dextran is totally left out from the gel. Then the void volume of the column is 66 ml because before 66 ml the absorbance was very high in all the wave lengths. As the blue dextran has the highest molecular weight of greater than 106. Therefore it can be assumed that the Blue Dextran is excluded from the gel in small volume and faster than all other compounds as the compound having greater molecular weight will excluded in the first but in smaller volume because the pores or spaces in the gel matrix allow access to molecules depending on their size. So the by the time when the larger molecule is totally excluded of the gel it can be assured that the small molecules are already present in the gel and will be excluded afterward in a slow process as they are capable to completely penetrate the gel matrix. The elution volume of a molecule is the whole column volume available to the molecule and is consequently composed of the volume exterior of the gel plus the volume of gel interior space it is able to penetrate. It is represented as Ve. Therefore, Ve = Vo + KdVi It is evident from the table of the result that the void volume for bromophenol blue is 110mL because it is the molecule which has the lowest molecular weight 670 and it will be excluded at the last from the gel because it is able penetrate completely through the matrix of the gel. The Kd given for bromophenol blue is 1. As there is no presence of the compound after the elution of the void volume. So, here Vi is zero. Therefore, Ve = Vo + KdVi Or, Ve = 110+1x0 Or, Ve = 110+0 Or, Ve = 110. So the elution volume for the case of bromophenol blue is 110mL that is equal to its void volume. In the case haemoglobin the void volume will be 76ml as estimated from the result of the table and here also the molecular weight is less around 64000 and this compound has also totally came out of the gel but after Blue Dextran, because it is a compound of intermediate molecular weight. So there will be no presence of the compound after the elution of the void volume. So, here Vi is also zero. Therefore, Ve will be equal to void volume and that will be 76ml so it can be calculated that Ve = Vo + KdVi Or, 76 = 76+ Kd x 0 Or, Kd = 76/76 Or, Kd = 1. So the Kd for the haemoglobin is 1. Conclusion The compounds having larger molecular weight came out fast because they are excluded from the gel as their molecule due to its larger molecule cannot penetrate in the gel matrix as a result the larger molecular weight compounds pass through the column in smaller volume but faster than the intermediate sized molecule and the smaller molecules. On the other hand the smaller molecules gets complete penetration in the matrix of the gel and so passes through the gel very slow but with a larger volume and the intermediate sized molecule get an penetration in the gel matrix to certain fraction only so they pass through the a little faster than the smaller molecules. It quite vivid from the absorbance result of the fractions of the running volume at different wavelength that the efficacy of the separation of the three components is no doubt efficient. 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